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Melissa Forbes is an associate professor in contempo- 8 Richard Miller, “The Solo Singer in the Choral Ensemble,”
rary singing at the University of Southern Queensland, Choral Journal 35, no. 8 (1995): 31–36.
Toowoomba, Australia. 9 Maria Priscilla Portillo, Sandra Rojas, Marco Guzman, and
Camilo Quesada, “Comparison of Effects Produced
Diane Hughes is a professor and discipline chair of by Physiological Versus Traditional Vocal Warm-Up in
creative arts at Macquarie University in Sydney, Aus- Contemporary Commercial Music Singers,” Journal of
tralia. Voice 32, no. 2 (2018): 200–8.
10 Patrick K. Freer, “Choral Warm-Ups for Changing Adoles-
NOTES cent Voices,” Music Educators Journal 95, no. 3 (2009): 59.
11 Richard Miller, “Warming Up the Voice,” in On the Art of
1 While we acknowledge that similar terms may be used to Singing, ed. Richard Miller (Oxford University Press,
represent the leadership of a choir, the term choral di- 1996), 164.
rector is used throughout this discussion to denote the 12 Matthew Hoch and Mary J. Sandage, “Exercise Science
person who leads a choir in rehearsal through to per- Principles and the Vocal Warm-up: Implications for
formance. Singing Voice Pedagogy,” Journal of Voice 32, no. 1 (2018):
2 Jeffrey L. Webb, “Promoting Vocal Health in the Choral 79–84.
Rehearsal,” Music Educators Journal 93, no. 5 (2007): 26–31; 13 Janeal Marie Sugars, “Trends of Vocal Warm-Ups and Vo-
R. Paul Crabb and Randall G. Pembrook, “The Training, cal Health from the Perspective of Singing and Medical
Experience, and Job Responsibilities of American College Professionals” (DMA diss., University of Texas at Austin,
Choral Conductors,” Update: Applications of Research in 2009), 7.
Music Education 9, no. 1 (1990): 31–34. 14 Yui Katada, Naomi Yoshida, and Ichiro Kita, “Effects of
3 Matthew Hoch and Mary J. Sandage, “Working toward a Warm-up Focused on the Mind–Body on Choral Perfor-
Common Vocabulary: Reconciling the Terminology of mance,” Journal of Voice 39, no. 2 (2025): 562e7–562e16.
Teachers of Singing, Voice Scientists, and Speech-Lan- 15 Sandra Frey Stegman, “Choral Warm-Ups: Preparation to
guage Pathologists,” Journal of Voice 31, no. 6 (2017): Sing, Listen, and Learn,” Music Educators Journal 89, no.
647–48. 3 (2003): 37–58.
4 Matthew Hoch, “Building Bridges and Moving Forward: 16 Guillermo Rosabal Coto, “Meaningful Choral Develop-
Practical Voice Pedagogy for Twenty-First-Century ment through Purposeful Choral Warm-Ups,” Canadian
Choral Directors,” Choral Journal 64, no. 7 (2024): 73–75. Music Educator 48, no. 2 (2006): 57–58.
5 Hoch and Sandage, “Working toward a Common Vocab- 17 Miller, “Warming Up the Voice,” 164.
ulary.” 18 Sally Louise Glover, “How and Why Vocal Solo and Choral
6 Rima A. DeFatta and Robert T. Sataloff, “The Value of Warm-Ups Differ,” Choral Journal 42, no. 3 (2001): 18.
Vocal Warm-up and Cool-Down Exercises: Questions 19 Glover, “How and Why Vocal Solo and Choral Warm-Ups
and Controversies,” Journal of Singing 69, no. 2 (2012): Differ,” 17.
173–75. 20 Rosabal Coto, “Meaningful Choral Development through
7 Lília Maria Gomes Falcão, Maria Lúcia Vaz Masson, Gisele Purposeful Choral Warm-Ups,” 57.
Oliveira, and Mara Behlau, “Spectrographic Analysis 21 David G. Tovey, “Warm Up to a Good Sound,” Music Edu-
of the Effect of Vocal Warm-up on the Voice of Choir cators Journal 63, no. 9 (1977): 56.
Girls,” Audiology: Communication Research 19 (2014): 380– 22 Tovey, “Warm Up to a Good Sound.”
86; Allison Gish, Melda Kunduk, Loraine Sims, and 23 Sally Louise Glover, “How and Why Vocal Solo and Choral
Andrew J. McWhorter, “Vocal Warm-Up Practices and Warm-Ups Differ,” Choral Journal 42, no. 3 (2001): 17–22.
Perceptions in Vocalists: A Pilot Survey,” Journal of Voice 24 Glover, “How and Why Vocal Solo and Choral Warm-Ups
26, no. 1 (2012): e1–10; Ofer Amir, Noam Amir, and Differ,” 22.
Orit Michaeli, “Evaluating the Influence of Warmup on 25 Gish et al., “Vocal Warm-Up Practices and Perceptions
Singing Voice Quality Using Acoustic Measures,” Jour- in Vocalists”; Janeal Marie Sugars, “Trends of Vocal
nal of Voice 19, no. 2 (2005): 252–60. Warm-Ups and Vocal Health from the Perspective of

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