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developments and comfortable singing ranges, you will have The Voice, 34, no. 4 (Summer, 2011): 5.
the confidence to choose valuable repertoire that is suited 6 Albert Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social
to your ensemble’s needs. By arranging these selections as Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986),
needed, and even engaging students creatively, choral singing 391.
during voice change or with an out-of-balance ensemble will 7 T. R. George & D.L. Feltz, “Motivation in sport from a collective
remain a rewarding and life-changing endeavor. efficacy perspective” International Journal of Sports Psychology 26
(1995): 98-116.
8 Albert Bandura, “Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of
You may be interested in the following ChorTeach articles personal agency” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 2 (1990):
on the topic of male recruitment: 128-163.
9 Henry Leck, “The Boy’s Expanding Voice” Choral Journal (May
“Male Chorus: Recruit, Maintain, and Develop” 2009): 49-60.
by Mark Cotter; Vol 3. Issue 3, Spring 2011. 10 Steven Demorest and Ann Clements, “Factors Influencing the
Pitch-Matching of Junior High Boys” Journal of Research in
“Recruiting Boys into Choirs—Techniques that Music Education vol. 55, no. 3 (Autumn 2007), 190.
Work” by Jonathan Krinke; Vol 6. Issue 4, Summer 11 John Sloboda, et al., “Quantifying tone deafness in the general
2014. population,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences vol.
1060 (2005): 255-61.
“Mission Impossible? or How Best to Recruit 12 Ann Clements, “The Importance of Selected Variables in
and Retain Junior High Male Chorus Members” Predicting Student Participation in Junior High Choir”
by Suzanne Callahan; Vol 8. Issue 2, Winter 2016. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Washington, 2002).
13 Michele Holt and James Jordan, The School Choral Program:
“Recruiting and Retention Ideas for Beginning Philosophy, Planning, Organizing, and Teaching (Chicago: GIA
High School Choral Directors” by Lorraine Publications, Inc, 2008), 363.
Lynch; Vol 12. Issue 2, Winter 2020. 14 Alan McClung, “Strategies to Develop Pitch Matching Skills
in the Singer with Inconsistent Pitch,” Cambiata Institute,
accessed October 7, 2020, http://cambiatainstitute.com/

NOTES wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Inconsistent-Pitch-
Singer.pdf.
1 A discussion of gender and sex are beyond the scope of this 15 Henry Leck, “The Boy’s Expanding Voice,” Choral Journal (May
particular article. The terms men/male and women/female 2009): 49-60.
16 Rebecca Reams, “High School Choral Directors’ Description of
refer to cisgender singers who identify with their birth-assigned
sex. Appropriate Literature for Beginning High School Choirs,”
2 For purposes of this article, an “out-of-balance ensemble” refers Journal of Research in Music Education 49, no. 2 (2001): 122-135.
17 John Cooksey, “The Development of a Contemporary Eclectic
to an ensemble with a higher ratio of female singers to male
singers. Theory for the Training and Cultivation of the Junior High
3 For one example, see: J. T. Gates, “A Historical Comparison of School Male Changing Voice. Part 4: Selecting Music,”
Public Singing by American Men and Women” Journal of Choral Journal 18, no. 5 ( January 1978): 6.
18 Emily Crocker, “Choosing Music for Middle School
Research in Music Education 37, no. 1 (1989): 32–47. In many
cases throughout the United States, it’s possible to see a ratio Choirs,” Music Educators Journal 86, no.4 (2000): 33–37.
19 “Cambiata Press Mission,” Cambiata Press, accessed January 8,
of female to male singers in middle school and high school
choirs around 5-2. See also: “Engaging Boys—Overcoming 2021, http://cambiatapress.com/.
20 Henry Leck, “The Boy’s Expanding Voice.”
Stereotypes: Another Look at the Missing Males in Vocal
21 Frederick Swanson, “Changing Voices: Don’t Leave out the
Programs,” by Scott D. Harrison (September 2004) : 24.
4 Frederick Swanson, “Changing Voices: Don't Leave out the Boys,” Music Educators Journal 70, no. 5 (1984): 47–50.
22 Judy Bowers, “Building Early Choral Experiences – Part 2,” in
Boys” Music Educators Journal, 70, no. 5 (1984): 47–50.
5 Chloe Veltman, “Boys to Men: Singing Through Voice Change” The School Choral Program (GIA Publications, 2008): 365-67.

ChorTeach Volume 15 • Issue 2 17 Winter 2023