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• Display Dynamic Range (contrast): tics, Aug 2010, Katoomba, Australia: Bulgarian songs.” The Anthropology of
40db c9-13. East Europe Review, Volume 22, Num-
ber 1, Spring 2004
• Dynamic Range Top (brightness): Bernardoni, Nathalie, Iohn Robert
-12db Smith and Joe Wolf. Resonance wtrat-
egies used in Bulgarian women’s singing Discography
• Master Volume for all audio play- style: A pilot study. Research gate, Feb-
back: 33% ruary 2007 Hefele, Anna-Maria. “Sehnsucht
nach dem Frühlinge (Mozart)—An-
• Input volume: 73% Levin, Theodore and Michael Edg- na-Maria Hefele.” Filmed [April
erton. “The Throat singers of Tuva.” 2017]. YouTube video, 1:13. Posted
• Input Device: Built-in microphone Scientifi c American, Summer, 1999. [April 26, 2017]. https://youtu.be/
on a MacBook Air, 2011 edition YIUvX7hebB
Mäntyjärvi, Jaakko. Pseudo-Yoik. Mil-
I chose the above settings to em- waukee: Walton Music, 1995. Mush Shutter Shocks. “Let It Go (no
phasize the relative strength of key instruments).” YouTube video, 3:43.
harmonics in the “short-term” view, McCoy, Scott. Your Voice: An Inside Posted [Sept. 19, 2014]. https://
which shows harmonic strength View (second edition). Delaware, Ohio: youtu.be/V2F24pnN6s4
through the length of a peak for Inside View Press, 2012.
any given moment, rather than the See-A-Dot Music Publishing.
“long-term” view, which shows har- Popeil, Lisa. “Comparing Belt and “Hymn to Aethon, the bird-headed,
monic strength over a period of time Classical Techniques Using MRI the many taloned.” Posted [Nov. 30,
through the intensity of color in the and Video-Fluoroscopy.” Journal of 2016]. https://youtu.be/ej4Ax7r-
image. The relatively low brightness Singing, Nov./Dec., 1999. rt_w
and contrast settings reduce small-
er harmonic presence to almost Popeil, Lisa. “The Multiplicity of University of Pretoria Camera-
nothing, highlighting only the most Belting.” Journal of Singing, Sept./ ta. “Pseudo-Yoik” Posted [Aug. 22,
prominent harmonics. Oct. 2007. 2015]. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=sivQRiBKo5
Siadat, Fahad. Hymn to Aethon, the
Full disclosure Bird-Headed, the Many Taloned. New
A few of the musical examples York: See-A-Dot Music Publishing, NOTES
are taken from the See-A-Dot Mu- 2015
sic Publishing catalog, a company 1 Merriam-Webster, s.v. “Timbre,”
which I own and direct. All such ex- Titze, Ingo. Principles of Voice Produc- accessed January 13th, 2020,
amples are indicated. tion (second printing). Iowa City: Na- https://www.merriam-webster.
tiona Center for voice and Speech, com/dictionary/timbre.
2000 2 All spectrograph images in this
Bibliography article are made using VoceVista,
Twining, Toby. Hee-oo-hm-ha. New a powerful software for studying
Bourne, Tracy and Maëva Garnier. York: See-A-Dot Music Publishing, sound available at www.sygyt.com
“Physiological and acoustic charac- 2013. 3 For an excellent demonstration
teristics of the female music theatre of how pitch and vowels are
voice in ‘belt’ and ‘legit’ qualities,” Webster, Jamie Lynn. “The mysteri- interconnected, please visit
International Symposium on Music Acous- ous voice! American women singing VoiceScienceWorks: https://www.

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